Literatur:


1. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR jr, van Horn L, Slattery ML, Kartashov AI, Ludwig DS: Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study.JAMA 287 , 2081-2089

2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: Ernährungsbericht 1992. Druckerei Heinrich, Frankfurt/M. 1992

3. Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2001 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Metzler-Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001

4. Deutsche Adipositas-Gesellschaft: Leitlinien der Therapie. www.adipositas–gesellschaft.de

5. Sharma M: Die Adipositas: ein gewichtiges Problem für die kardiovaskuläre Medizin. Herz 26 (2001) 169

6. Anonymus: Ernährungsabhängige Krankheiten und ihre Kosten. Ernährungs-Umschau 41 (1994) 153-155

7. Schneider R: Relevanz und Kosten der Adipositas in Deutschland. Ernährungs-Umschau 43 (1996) 369-374

8. Hauner H: Dysfunktion des Energiestoffwechsels. In: Biesalski HK, Fürst P, KasperH, Kluthe R, Pölert W, Puchstein C, Stähelin H (Hrsg.): Ernährungsmedizin. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, 187-199

9. Holick MF: McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: Vitamin D: New horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 60 (1994) 619-630

10. Zittermann A, Scheld K, Stehle P: Seasonal variations in vitamin D status and calcium absorption do not influence bone turnover in young women. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (1998) 501-506

11. Nemere I, Farach-Carson MC: Membrane receptors for steroid hormones: A case for specific cell surface binding sites for vitamin D metabolites and estrogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248 (1998) 442-449

12. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Daci E, Segaert S, Verstuyf A: Vitamin D Metabolism and Action.Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S13-S19

13. Norman AW: Receptors for 1&945;25(OH)2D3: Past, present, and future. J Bone Miner Res 13 (1998) 1360-1369

14. DeLuca HF, Cantorna MT: Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. FASEB J 15 (2001) 2579-2585

15. Holick MF: Vitamin D: The underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diab 9 (2002) 87-98

16. Scharla SH: Prevalence of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in different European countries. Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S7-S12

17. McKenna MJ, Freaney R: Secondary hyperparathyreodismus in the elderly: means to defining hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S3-S6

18. Peacock M: Nutritional aspects of hip fractures. Challenges of Modern Medicine 7 (1995) 213- 222

19. McCarron DA, Morris CD, Bukoski R: The calcium paradox of essential hypertension. Am J Med 82 (1987) 27-33

20. Resnick L: The cellular ionic basis of hypertension and allied clinical conditions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 42 (1999) 1-22

21. Zemel MB: Calcium modulation of hypertension and obesity: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr 20 (2001) 428S-435S

22. Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK: Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 45 (1987) 755-763

23. Vieth R, Milojevic S, Peltekova V: Improved cholecalciferol nutrition in rats is normocalcemic, suppresses parathyroid hormone and increases responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J Nutr 130 (2000) 578-584

24. Curry OB, Basten JF, Francis MJ, Smith R: Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle from vitamin D-deficient rabbits. Nature 249 (1974) 83-84

25. Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S: Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (2000) 4635-4638

26. Pi-Sunyer FX: Obesity and diabetes in blacks. Diabetes Care 13 (1990) 1144-1149

27. Bayless TM, Rosensweig NS: A racial difference in incidence of lactase deficiency. A survey of milk intolerance and lactase deficiency in healthy adult males. JAMA 197 (1966) 968-972

28. Newcomer AD, Hodgson SF, McGill DB, Thomas PJ: Lactase deficiency: prevalence in osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 89 (1978), 218-220

29. Shi H, Dirienzo D, Zemel MB: ffects of dietary calcium on adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight regulation in energy-restricted aP2-agouti transgenic mice. FASEB J 15 (2001) 291-293

30. Bell NH, Epstein S, Greene A, Shary J, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S: Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. J Clin Invest 67 (1985) 370-373

31. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF: Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2000), 690-693

32. Bell NH, Greene A, Epstein S, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S, Shary J: Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. J Clin Invest 76 (1985) 470-473.

33. Bell NH: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 reverses alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. Am J Med 99 (1995) 597-599

34. Dustan HP: Obesity and hypertension in blacks. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther suppl 2 (1990) 395-402

35. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Jackson R, Lim T: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Ann Epidemiol 2 (1992) 697-703

36. MacGregor GA, Cappuccio FP: The kidney and essential hypertension: a link to osteoporosis? J Hypertens 11 (1993) 781-785

37. Strazzullo P: The renal leak in primary hypertension: pathophysiological aspects and clinical implications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1 (1991) 98-103

38. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang DC, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL: Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 275 (1996) 1016-1022

39. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP,, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N: A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 1117-1124

40. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C: Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1633-1667

41. Krause R, Böhring M, Hopfenmüller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM: Utraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet 352 (1998) 709-710

42. Mendall MA, Patel P, Asante M, Ballam L, Morris J, Strachan DP, Camm AJ, Northfield TC: Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease. Heart 78 (1997) 273-277

43. Mallat Z, Besnard S, Duriez M, Deleuze V, Emmanuel F, Bureau MF, Soubrier F, Esposito B, Duez H, Fievet C, Staels B, Duverger N, Scherman D, Tedgui A: Protective role of interleukin-10 in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 85 (1999), 17-24

44. Muller K, Haahr PM, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Kharazmi A, Bendtzen K: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits cytokine production by human blood monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine 4 (1992) 506-512

45. CanningMO, Grotenhuis K, de Wit H, Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA: 1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2(D)3) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocyctes. Eur J Endocrinol 145 (2001), 351-357

46. Zittermann A, Schulze Schleithoff S, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Körfer R, Stehle P: Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003), in press

47. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B: Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000), 3338-3342

48. Yudkin JS, Yajnik CS, Mohamed-Ali V; Bulmer K: High levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and leptin in urban, but not rural, Indians. A potential explanation for increased risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care 22 (1999), 363-364

49. Uauy R, Albala C, Kain J: Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under- to overweight. J Nutr. 131 (2001), 893S-899S

50. Scragg R, Jackson R, Holdaway IM, Lim T, Beaglehole R: Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: a community-based study. Int J Epidemiol 19 (1990), 559-563

51. Douglas AS, Rawles JM, Alexander E, Allan TM: Winter pressure on hospital medical beds. BMJ 303 (1991), 508-509

52. Boucher BJ: Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrom "X"? Br J Nutr 79 (1998), 315-327

53. Feskens EJ, Kromhout D: Epidemiologic studies on Eskimos and fish intake. Ann N Y Acad Sci 683 (1993) 9-15

54. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft fhr Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt/M, 2000

55. Souci SW, Fachmann W, Kraut H: Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel. Nährwerttabellen. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1994

56. Dr. August Oetker (Hrsg.): Lexikon Lebensmittel und Ernährung. Ceres-Verlag Rudolf-August Oetker KG Bielefeld, 1977

57. Bouillon R, Xiang DZ, Convents R, Van Baelen H: Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease the apparent affinity of vitamin D metabolites for human vitamin D-binding protein. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42 (1992), 855-861

58. Zittermann A, Sabatschus O, Jantzen S, Platen P, Danz A, Dimitriou T, Scheld K, Klein K, Stehle P: Exercise-trained young men have higher calcium absorption rates and plasma calcitriol levels in comparison to age-matched sedentary controls. Calcif Tissue Int 67 (2000), 215-219

59. Varosy PD, Ensrud KE, Stone KL, Reid IR, Hillier T, Cummings SR: Vitamin D gets an A+ for treating heart disease. http://216.185.112.5/presenter.jhtml?identifier =30002267

60. Hotamisligi CS, Spiegelman BM: Tumor necrosis factor &945;: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43 (1994) 1271-1278

61. Kocian J: Diabetic osteopathy. Favorable effect of treatment of osteomalacia with vitamin D and calcium on high blood glucose levels. Vnitr Lek 38 (1992), 352-356 [In Tschechisch]

62. Baynes KC, Boucher BJ, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D: Vitamin D, glucose tolerance and insulinaemia in elderly men. Diabetologia 40 (1997) 344-347

63. McKeigue PM, Pierpoint T, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG: Relationship of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia to body fat pattern in south Asians and Europeans. Diabetologia 35 (1992) 785-791

64. Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, Joner G: Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type I diabetes in the offspring. Diabetologia 43 (2000) 1093-1098

65. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM: Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diebetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1500-1503

66. Hayes CE, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. PSEBM 216 (1997) 21-27

67. Chang TJ, Lei HH, Yeh JI, Chiu KC, Lee KC, Chen MC, Tai TY, Chuang LM: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population. Clin Endocrinol 52 (2000) 575-580

68. Ortlepp JR, Lauscher J, Hoffmann R, Hanrath P, Joost HG: The vitamin D receptor gene variant is associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.Diabet Med 18 (2001), 842-845

69. McKenna M: Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and elderly. Am J Med 93 (1992) 69-77

70. Campbell BG: Entwicklung zum Menschen. 2. Auflage, UTB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1979

71. Holick MF, Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J: Age, vitamin D and solar ultraviolet. Lancet II (1989) 1104-1105

72. Adolf T, Schneider R, Eberhardt W, Hartmann S, Herwig A, Heseker H, Hünchen K, Kübler W, Matiaske B, Moch KJ, Rosenbauer J: Ergebnisse der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (1985-1988) über die Lebensmittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In Kübler W, Anders H, Heeschen W (Hrsg.): VERA-Schriftenreihe Band XI, Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck, Niederkleen 1995

73. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, Charles P, Eriksen EF: Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med 247 (2000) 260-268

74. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD: Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 73 (2001) 288-294

75. Jogereit B, Spiertz-Schmidt I, Frackowiak T, Ringe JD: Kölner Frakturrisiko-Studie- Epidemiologische Ergebnisse bei Altenheimbewohnern. In Ringe RD, P. Burckhardt P(Hrsg.): Vitamin D/Calcium in der Osteoporosetherapie. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1999, 105-115

76. Eaton SB, Nelson DA: Calcium in evolutionary perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 54 (1991), 281S-287S.  EU03/03



Literatur:


1. Pereira MA, Jacobs DR jr, van Horn L, Slattery ML, Kartashov AI, Ludwig DS: Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study.JAMA 287 , 2081-2089

2. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung: Ernährungsbericht 1992. Druckerei Heinrich, Frankfurt/M. 1992

3. Statistisches Bundesamt: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2001 für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Metzler-Poeschel Verlag, Stuttgart, 2001

4. Deutsche Adipositas-Gesellschaft: Leitlinien der Therapie. www.adipositas–gesellschaft.de

5. Sharma M: Die Adipositas: ein gewichtiges Problem für die kardiovaskuläre Medizin. Herz 26 (2001) 169

6. Anonymus: Ernährungsabhängige Krankheiten und ihre Kosten. Ernährungs-Umschau 41 (1994) 153-155

7. Schneider R: Relevanz und Kosten der Adipositas in Deutschland. Ernährungs-Umschau 43 (1996) 369-374

8. Hauner H: Dysfunktion des Energiestoffwechsels. In: Biesalski HK, Fürst P, KasperH, Kluthe R, Pölert W, Puchstein C, Stähelin H (Hrsg.): Ernährungsmedizin. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, 187-199

9. Holick MF: McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: Vitamin D: New horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 60 (1994) 619-630

10. Zittermann A, Scheld K, Stehle P: Seasonal variations in vitamin D status and calcium absorption do not influence bone turnover in young women. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (1998) 501-506

11. Nemere I, Farach-Carson MC: Membrane receptors for steroid hormones: A case for specific cell surface binding sites for vitamin D metabolites and estrogens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 248 (1998) 442-449

12. Bouillon R, Carmeliet G, Daci E, Segaert S, Verstuyf A: Vitamin D Metabolism and Action.Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S13-S19

13. Norman AW: Receptors for 1&945;25(OH)2D3: Past, present, and future. J Bone Miner Res 13 (1998) 1360-1369

14. DeLuca HF, Cantorna MT: Vitamin D: its role and uses in immunology. FASEB J 15 (2001) 2579-2585

15. Holick MF: Vitamin D: The underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diab 9 (2002) 87-98

16. Scharla SH: Prevalence of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in different European countries. Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S7-S12

17. McKenna MJ, Freaney R: Secondary hyperparathyreodismus in the elderly: means to defining hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 8 (1998) S3-S6

18. Peacock M: Nutritional aspects of hip fractures. Challenges of Modern Medicine 7 (1995) 213- 222

19. McCarron DA, Morris CD, Bukoski R: The calcium paradox of essential hypertension. Am J Med 82 (1987) 27-33

20. Resnick L: The cellular ionic basis of hypertension and allied clinical conditions. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 42 (1999) 1-22

21. Zemel MB: Calcium modulation of hypertension and obesity: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr 20 (2001) 428S-435S

22. Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK: Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 45 (1987) 755-763

23. Vieth R, Milojevic S, Peltekova V: Improved cholecalciferol nutrition in rats is normocalcemic, suppresses parathyroid hormone and increases responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. J Nutr 130 (2000) 578-584

24. Curry OB, Basten JF, Francis MJ, Smith R: Calcium uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle from vitamin D-deficient rabbits. Nature 249 (1974) 83-84

25. Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S: Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85 (2000) 4635-4638

26. Pi-Sunyer FX: Obesity and diabetes in blacks. Diabetes Care 13 (1990) 1144-1149

27. Bayless TM, Rosensweig NS: A racial difference in incidence of lactase deficiency. A survey of milk intolerance and lactase deficiency in healthy adult males. JAMA 197 (1966) 968-972

28. Newcomer AD, Hodgson SF, McGill DB, Thomas PJ: Lactase deficiency: prevalence in osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 89 (1978), 218-220

29. Shi H, Dirienzo D, Zemel MB: ffects of dietary calcium on adipocyte lipid metabolism and body weight regulation in energy-restricted aP2-agouti transgenic mice. FASEB J 15 (2001) 291-293

30. Bell NH, Epstein S, Greene A, Shary J, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S: Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in obese subjects. J Clin Invest 67 (1985) 370-373

31. Wortsman J, Matsuoka LY, Chen TC, Lu Z, Holick MF: Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 72 (2000), 690-693

32. Bell NH, Greene A, Epstein S, Oexmann MJ, Shaw S, Shary J: Evidence for alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. J Clin Invest 76 (1985) 470-473.

33. Bell NH: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 reverses alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks. Am J Med 99 (1995) 597-599

34. Dustan HP: Obesity and hypertension in blacks. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther suppl 2 (1990) 395-402

35. Scragg R, Holdaway I, Jackson R, Lim T: Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and its relation to physical activity and other heart disease risk factors in the general population. Ann Epidemiol 2 (1992) 697-703

36. MacGregor GA, Cappuccio FP: The kidney and essential hypertension: a link to osteoporosis? J Hypertens 11 (1993) 781-785

37. Strazzullo P: The renal leak in primary hypertension: pathophysiological aspects and clinical implications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 1 (1991) 98-103

38. Bucher HC, Cook RJ, Guyatt GH, Lang DC, Cook DJ, Hatala R, Hunt DL: Effects of dietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 275 (1996) 1016-1022

39. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP,, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N: A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 1117-1124

40. Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW, Nachtigall D, Hansen C: Effects of a short-term vitamin D(3) and calcium supplementation on blood pressure and parathyroid hormone levels in elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 (2001) 1633-1667

41. Krause R, Böhring M, Hopfenmüller W, Holick MF, Sharma AM: Utraviolet B and blood pressure. Lancet 352 (1998) 709-710

42. Mendall MA, Patel P, Asante M, Ballam L, Morris J, Strachan DP, Camm AJ, Northfield TC: Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease. Heart 78 (1997) 273-277

43. Mallat Z, Besnard S, Duriez M, Deleuze V, Emmanuel F, Bureau MF, Soubrier F, Esposito B, Duez H, Fievet C, Staels B, Duverger N, Scherman D, Tedgui A: Protective role of interleukin-10 in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 85 (1999), 17-24

44. Muller K, Haahr PM, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Kharazmi A, Bendtzen K: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits cytokine production by human blood monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine 4 (1992) 506-512

45. CanningMO, Grotenhuis K, de Wit H, Ruwhof C, Drexhage HA: 1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2(D)3) hampers the maturation of fully active immature dendritic cells from monocyctes. Eur J Endocrinol 145 (2001), 351-357

46. Zittermann A, Schulze Schleithoff S, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Körfer R, Stehle P: Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003), in press

47. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B: Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000), 3338-3342

48. Yudkin JS, Yajnik CS, Mohamed-Ali V; Bulmer K: High levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and leptin in urban, but not rural, Indians. A potential explanation for increased risk of diabetes and coronary heart disease. Diabetes Care 22 (1999), 363-364

49. Uauy R, Albala C, Kain J: Obesity trends in Latin America: transiting from under- to overweight. J Nutr. 131 (2001), 893S-899S

50. Scragg R, Jackson R, Holdaway IM, Lim T, Beaglehole R: Myocardial infarction is inversely associated with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels: a community-based study. Int J Epidemiol 19 (1990), 559-563

51. Douglas AS, Rawles JM, Alexander E, Allan TM: Winter pressure on hospital medical beds. BMJ 303 (1991), 508-509

52. Boucher BJ: Inadequate vitamin D status: does it contribute to the disorders comprising syndrom "X"? Br J Nutr 79 (1998), 315-327

53. Feskens EJ, Kromhout D: Epidemiologic studies on Eskimos and fish intake. Ann N Y Acad Sci 683 (1993) 9-15

54. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, Österreichische Gesellschaft fhr Ernährung, Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährungsforschung, Schweizerische Vereinigung für Ernährung: Referenzwerte für die Nährstoffzufuhr, Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt/M, 2000

55. Souci SW, Fachmann W, Kraut H: Die Zusammensetzung der Lebensmittel. Nährwerttabellen. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 1994

56. Dr. August Oetker (Hrsg.): Lexikon Lebensmittel und Ernährung. Ceres-Verlag Rudolf-August Oetker KG Bielefeld, 1977

57. Bouillon R, Xiang DZ, Convents R, Van Baelen H: Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease the apparent affinity of vitamin D metabolites for human vitamin D-binding protein. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42 (1992), 855-861

58. Zittermann A, Sabatschus O, Jantzen S, Platen P, Danz A, Dimitriou T, Scheld K, Klein K, Stehle P: Exercise-trained young men have higher calcium absorption rates and plasma calcitriol levels in comparison to age-matched sedentary controls. Calcif Tissue Int 67 (2000), 215-219

59. Varosy PD, Ensrud KE, Stone KL, Reid IR, Hillier T, Cummings SR: Vitamin D gets an A+ for treating heart disease. http://216.185.112.5/presenter.jhtml?identifier =30002267

60. Hotamisligi CS, Spiegelman BM: Tumor necrosis factor &945;: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43 (1994) 1271-1278

61. Kocian J: Diabetic osteopathy. Favorable effect of treatment of osteomalacia with vitamin D and calcium on high blood glucose levels. Vnitr Lek 38 (1992), 352-356 [In Tschechisch]

62. Baynes KC, Boucher BJ, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D: Vitamin D, glucose tolerance and insulinaemia in elderly men. Diabetologia 40 (1997) 344-347

63. McKeigue PM, Pierpoint T, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG: Relationship of glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia to body fat pattern in south Asians and Europeans. Diabetologia 35 (1992) 785-791

64. Stene LC, Ulriksen J, Magnus P, Joner G: Use of cod liver oil during pregnancy associated with lower risk of type I diabetes in the offspring. Diabetologia 43 (2000) 1093-1098

65. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM: Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diebetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 358 (2001) 1500-1503

66. Hayes CE, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF: Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. PSEBM 216 (1997) 21-27

67. Chang TJ, Lei HH, Yeh JI, Chiu KC, Lee KC, Chen MC, Tai TY, Chuang LM: Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population. Clin Endocrinol 52 (2000) 575-580

68. Ortlepp JR, Lauscher J, Hoffmann R, Hanrath P, Joost HG: The vitamin D receptor gene variant is associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.Diabet Med 18 (2001), 842-845

69. McKenna M: Differences in vitamin D status between countries in young adults and elderly. Am J Med 93 (1992) 69-77

70. Campbell BG: Entwicklung zum Menschen. 2. Auflage, UTB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1979

71. Holick MF, Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J: Age, vitamin D and solar ultraviolet. Lancet II (1989) 1104-1105

72. Adolf T, Schneider R, Eberhardt W, Hartmann S, Herwig A, Heseker H, Hünchen K, Kübler W, Matiaske B, Moch KJ, Rosenbauer J: Ergebnisse der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie (1985-1988) über die Lebensmittel- und Nährstoffaufnahme in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. In Kübler W, Anders H, Heeschen W (Hrsg.): VERA-Schriftenreihe Band XI, Wissenschaftlicher Fachverlag Dr. Fleck, Niederkleen 1995

73. Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, Charles P, Eriksen EF: Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med 247 (2000) 260-268

74. Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD: Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr 73 (2001) 288-294

75. Jogereit B, Spiertz-Schmidt I, Frackowiak T, Ringe JD: Kölner Frakturrisiko-Studie- Epidemiologische Ergebnisse bei Altenheimbewohnern. In Ringe RD, P. Burckhardt P(Hrsg.): Vitamin D/Calcium in der Osteoporosetherapie. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1999, 105-115

76. Eaton SB, Nelson DA: Calcium in evolutionary perspective. Am J Clin Nutr. 54 (1991), 281S-287S.  EU03/03

(EU 03/2003, S. 84 ff.) Zittermann, A.: Niedriger Vitamin-D-Status und geringe Calciumzufuhr – Risikofaktoren des metabolischen Syndroms?

Literatur:

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