Literatur:


1. Awad AB, Fink CS: Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action. J Nutr 130 : 2127-2130, 2000

2. Ayesh R, Weststrate J A, Drewitt PN, Hepburn P A: Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 5: Faecal-short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol-ester enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (12): 1127-1138, 1999

3. Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, Jones PA, Lea LJ, Sumpter JP, Ashby J: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of estrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (1): 13-22, 1999

4. Becel proactiv Informationsbroschüre: Cholesterinsenkung durch Pflanzensterine: Chancen durch eine neue Diätmargarine. Becel Verbraucherservice, Postfach 570510, 22774 Hamburg

5. Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB: Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 86 (1): 46-52, 2000

6. Boberg KM, Akerlund JE, Bjorkhem I: Effect of sitosterol on the rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol synthesis and degradation. Lipids 24 (1): 9-12, 1989

7. Czubayko F, Beumers B, Lammsfuss S, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K: A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32 (11): 1861-1867, 1991

8. Denke MA: Lack of efficacy of low-dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol-lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 61 (2): 392-396, 1995

9. Di Mascio R, Marchioli R, Tognoni G: Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: an overview of randomized clinical trials. Cerebrovasc Dis 10 (2):85-92, 2000

10. Elamo J, Von Hellens S: The margarine that changed a whole company. Leatherhead Food RA Food Industry Journal 1: 198-201, 1998

11. Fager G, Wiklund O: Cholesterol reduction and clinical benefit. Are there limits to our expectations? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (12): 3527-3533, 1997

12. Gerson T, Shorland FB, Dunckley GG: The effect of beta-sitosterol on the metabolism of cholesterol and lipids in rats on a diet containing coconut oil. Biochem J 96 (2): 399-403, 1965

13. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: A review of clinical trials in dietary interventions to decrease the incidence of coronary artery disease. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2 (3): 123-128, 2001

14. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake. Metabolism 48 (5): 575-580, 1999

15. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Efficacy of plant stanol ester in lowering cholesterol in postmenopausal women and patients with diabetes. In: Nguyen TT (ed.): New Developments in the dietary management of high cholesterol, health care information programs , McGraw-Hill health care publications group (postgraduate medicine special report), Minneapolis MN S. 39-43, 1998

16. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. J Lipid Res 3 7(8): 1776-1785, 1996

17. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Serum cholesterol and cholesterol??? and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia 37 (8): 773-780, 1994

18. Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA: Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. J Lipid Res 40 (4): 593-600, 1999

19. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA: Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 96 (12): 4226-4231, 1997

20. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA: Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36 (8): 1807-1812, 1995

21. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkila AT, Uusitupa MI: Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 (9): 715-725, 2000

22. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI: Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr 53 (12): 966-969, 1999

23. Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI: Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (3): 403-410, 1999

24. Heinemann T, Axtmann G, von Bergmann K: Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur J Clin Invest 23 (12): 827-831, 1993

25. Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick GA, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K: Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40 (Suppl 1): S59-63, 1991

26. Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW: Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53 (4): 319-327, 1999

27. Hepburn PA, Horner SA, Smith M: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (5): 521-532, 1999

28. Howard BV, Kritchevsky D: Phytochemicals and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 95 (11): 2591-2593, 1997

29. Ikeda I, Kawasaki A, Samezima K, Sugano M: Antihypercholesterolemic activity of beta-sitostanol in rabbits. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2 7(3): 243-251, 1981

30. Ikeda I, Sugano M: Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention. Curr Opin Lipidol 9 (6): 527-531, 1998

31. Ikeda I, Tanabe Y, Sugano M: Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 35 (4): 361-369, 1989

32. Jones PJ, Howell T, MacDougall DE, Feng JY, Parsons W: Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism 47 (6): 751-756, 1998

33. Jones PJ, MacDougall DE, Ntanios F, Vanstone CA: Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75 (3): 217-227, 1997

34. Konlande JE, Fisher H: Evidence for a nonabsorptive antihypercholesterolemic action of phytosterols in the chicken. J Nutr 98 (4): 435-442, 1969

35. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Bachorik PS, Smith HH, McKusick VA, Connor WE, Teng B, Sniderman AD: Hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia in two families with xanthomas and phytosterolaemia. Lancet 1 (8218): 466-469, 1981

36. Law M: Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 320: 861-864, 2000 (a)

37. Law MR: Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. West J Med 173 (1): 43-47, 2000 (b)

38. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG: By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 308 (6925): 367-372, 1994

39. Lee MH, Gordon D, Ott J, Lu K, Ose L, Miettinen T, Gylling H, Stalenhoef AF, Pandya A, Hidaka H, Brewer B Jr, Kojima H, Sakuma N, Pegoraro R, Salen G, Patel SB: Fine mapping of a gene responsible for regulating dietary cholesterol absorption; founder effects underlie cases of phytosterolaemia in multiple communities. Eur J Hum Genet 9 (5): 375-384, 2001

40. Lichtenstein AH, Deckelbaum RJ: AHA Science Advisory. Stanol/sterol ester-containing foods and blood cholesterol levels. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 103 (8): 1177-1179, 2001

41. Ling WH, Jones PJ: Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci 57 (3): 195-206, 1995

42. Lutjohann D, Bjorkhem I, Ose L: Phytosterolaemia in a Norwegian family: diagnosis and characterization of the first Scandinavian case. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56 (3): 229-240, 1996

43. Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K: Phytosterolaemia: diagnosis, characterization and therapeutical approaches. Ann Med 29 (3): 181-184, 1997

44. Malini T, Vanithakumari G: Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 35 (2): 149-153, 1991

45. Malini T, Vanithakumari G: Effect of beta-sitosterol on uterine biochemistry: a comparative study with estradiol and progesterone. Biochem Mol Biol Int 31 (4): 659-668, 1993

46. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR: Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr 35 (4): 697-700, 1982

47. Mellanen P, Petanen T, Lehtimaki J, Makela S, Bylund G, Holmbom B, Mannila E, Oikari A, Santti R: Wood-derived estrogens: studies in vitro with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136 (2): 381-388, 1996

48. Miettinen TA, Gylling H: Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr Opin Lipidol 10 (1): 9-14, 1999

49. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E: Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med 333 (20): 1308-1312, 1995

50. Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H: Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 105 (2): 217-226, 1994

51. Miettinen TA: Phytosterolaemia, xanthomatosis and premature atherosclerotic arterial disease: a case with high plant sterol absorption, impaired sterol elimination and low cholesterol synthesis. Eur J Clin Invest 10 (1): 27-35, 1980

52. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Godin DV, Rodrigues B, Frohlich JJ: Proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: possible mechanisms of action. Circulation 99 (13): 1733-1739, 1999

53. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Pritchard PH, Frohlich JJ: "Tall oil"-derived phytosterols reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1): 119-126, 1997

54. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, Kaplan JR, Belle SH: Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 322 (7277):11-15, 2001

55. Nguyen TT: The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr 129 (12): 2109-2112, 1999

56. Perez-Jimenez F, Espino A, Lopez-Segura F, Blanco J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Prada JL, Lopez-Miranda J, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Ordovas JM: Lipoprotein concentrations in normolipidemic males consuming oleic acid-rich diets from two different sources: olive oil and oleic acid-rich sunflower oil. Am J Clin Nutr 62 (4): 769-775, 1995

57. Plat J, Kerckhoffs DA, Mensink RP: Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols. Curr Opin Lipidol 11 (6): 571-576, 2000

58. Plat J, Mensink RP: Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 148 (1): 101-112, 2000

59. Pollack OJ: Reduction of blood cholesterol in man. Circulation 2: 702-706, 1953

60. Pollack OJ: Successful prevention of experimental hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbit. Circulation 2: 696-701, 1953

61. Ragotzky K: Rohstoffe. Fette und Fettbegleitstoffe. Pflanzensterole. In: Erbersdobler HF, Meyer AH (Hrsg): Praxishandbuch Functional Food. Hamburg, Behr’s Verlag Grundwerk 12/1999

62. Ramjiganesh T, Roy S, McIntyre JC, Luz Fernandez M: The hypocholesterolaemic effects of sitostanol in the guinea pig are in part related to changes in hepatic lipids and lipoprotein composition. Br J Nutr 85 (2): 165-172, 2001

63. Register B, Bethel MA, Thompson N, Walmer D, Blohm P, Ayyash L, Hughes C Jr: The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, coumestrol, and beta-sitosterol on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated adult rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 (1): 72-77, 1995

64. Rossouw JE: The effects of lowering serum cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk. Med Clin North Am 78 (1): 181-195, 1994

65. Rowland I: Optimal nutrition: fibre and phytochemicals. Proc Nutr Soc 58 (2): 415-419, 1999

66. Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D, Hepburn PA: The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38 (6): 485-491, 2000

67. Schröder K: Pflanzliche Sterine zur Cholesterinsenkung: wirksam und sicher. Ein neuartiges Functional Food. Ernährung/Nutrition 23 (1): 27-28, 1999

68. Shefer S, Salen G, Bullock J, Nguyen LB, Ness GC, Vhao Z, Belamarich PF, Chowdhary I, Lerner S, Batta AK, et al: The effect of increased hepatic sitosterol on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat and sitosterolemic homozygotes. Hepatology 20 (1 Pt 1): 213-219, 1994

69. Shefer S, Salen G, Nguyen L, Batta AK, Packin V, Tint GS, Hauser S: Competitive inhibition of bile acid synthesis by endogenous cholestanol and sitosterol in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. Effect on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Clin Invest 82 (6): 1833-1839, 1988

70. Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN: Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 249 (2): 163-166, 2001

71. Sugano M, Ikeda I, Imaizumi K, Watanabe M, Andoh M: Effects of beta-sitosterol on the concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol and serum apolipoproteins in rats fed butter fat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 28 (2): 117-126, 1982

72. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, Rask-Nissila L, Viikari J, Tuominen J, Pulkki K, Simell O: Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. J Pediatr 136 (4): 503-510, 2000

73. Togo M, Toda T, Nguyen LA, Kubota S, Tsukamoto K, Satoh H, Hara M, Iso-o N, Noto H, Kimura S, Nakahara K, Seyama Y, Hashimoto Y: Genetic analysis of phytosterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 24 (1): 43-50, 2001

74. Unilever research laboratorium (URL): Plant sterols at heart – novelty from nature. Diet and Healt News 2: 1-12, 1998

75. Vanhanen H: Cholesterol malabsorption caused by sitostanol ester feeding and neomycin in pravastatin-treated hypercholesterolaemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47 (2): 169-176, 1994

76. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvonen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, Miettinen TA: Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res 34 (9): 1535-1544, 1993

77. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA: Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 87 (1): 61-67, 1994

78. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, Wolterbeek AP, Wijnands MV, Richold M, Hepburn PA: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (7): 683-696, 1999

79. Weihrauch JL, Gardner JM: Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J Am Diet Assoc 73 (1): 39-47, 1978

80. Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, Drewitt PN: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4: Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37: 1063-1071, 1999

81. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW: Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (5): 334-343, 1998

82. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program´s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (4): 632-646, 1999 EU 07/02



Literatur:


1. Awad AB, Fink CS: Phytosterols as anticancer dietary components: evidence and mechanism of action. J Nutr 130 : 2127-2130, 2000

2. Ayesh R, Weststrate J A, Drewitt PN, Hepburn P A: Safety evaluation of phytosterol-esters. Part 5: Faecal-short-chain fatty acid and microflora content, faecal bacterial enzyme activity and serum female sex hormones in healthy normolipidemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol-ester enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (12): 1127-1138, 1999

3. Baker VA, Hepburn PA, Kennedy SJ, Jones PA, Lea LJ, Sumpter JP, Ashby J: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 1. Assessment of estrogenicity using a combination of in vivo and in vitro assays. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (1): 13-22, 1999

4. Becel proactiv Informationsbroschüre: Cholesterinsenkung durch Pflanzensterine: Chancen durch eine neue Diätmargarine. Becel Verbraucherservice, Postfach 570510, 22774 Hamburg

5. Blair SN, Capuzzi DM, Gottlieb SO, Nguyen T, Morgan JM, Cater NB: Incremental reduction of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the addition of plant stanol ester-containing spread to statin therapy. Am J Cardiol 86 (1): 46-52, 2000

6. Boberg KM, Akerlund JE, Bjorkhem I: Effect of sitosterol on the rate-limiting enzymes in cholesterol synthesis and degradation. Lipids 24 (1): 9-12, 1989

7. Czubayko F, Beumers B, Lammsfuss S, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K: A simplified micro-method for quantification of fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols for outpatient studies in humans. J Lipid Res 32 (11): 1861-1867, 1991

8. Denke MA: Lack of efficacy of low-dose sitostanol therapy as an adjunct to a cholesterol-lowering diet in men with moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr 61 (2): 392-396, 1995

9. Di Mascio R, Marchioli R, Tognoni G: Cholesterol reduction and stroke occurrence: an overview of randomized clinical trials. Cerebrovasc Dis 10 (2):85-92, 2000

10. Elamo J, Von Hellens S: The margarine that changed a whole company. Leatherhead Food RA Food Industry Journal 1: 198-201, 1998

11. Fager G, Wiklund O: Cholesterol reduction and clinical benefit. Are there limits to our expectations? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (12): 3527-3533, 1997

12. Gerson T, Shorland FB, Dunckley GG: The effect of beta-sitosterol on the metabolism of cholesterol and lipids in rats on a diet containing coconut oil. Biochem J 96 (2): 399-403, 1965

13. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: A review of clinical trials in dietary interventions to decrease the incidence of coronary artery disease. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2 (3): 123-128, 2001

14. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Cholesterol reduction by different plant stanol mixtures and with variable fat intake. Metabolism 48 (5): 575-580, 1999

15. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Efficacy of plant stanol ester in lowering cholesterol in postmenopausal women and patients with diabetes. In: Nguyen TT (ed.): New Developments in the dietary management of high cholesterol, health care information programs , McGraw-Hill health care publications group (postgraduate medicine special report), Minneapolis MN S. 39-43, 1998

16. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Effects of inhibiting cholesterol absorption and synthesis on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic non-insulin-dependent diabetic men. J Lipid Res 3 7(8): 1776-1785, 1996

17. Gylling H, Miettinen TA: Serum cholesterol and cholesterol??? and lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolaemic NIDDM patients before and during sitostanol ester-margarine treatment. Diabetologia 37 (8): 773-780, 1994

18. Gylling H, Puska P, Vartiainen E, Miettinen TA: Serum sterols during stanol ester feeding in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. J Lipid Res 40 (4): 593-600, 1999

19. Gylling H, Radhakrishnan R, Miettinen TA: Reduction of serum cholesterol in postmenopausal women with previous myocardial infarction and cholesterol malabsorption induced by dietary sitostanol ester margarine: women and dietary sitostanol. Circulation 96 (12): 4226-4231, 1997

20. Gylling H, Siimes MA, Miettinen TA: Sitostanol ester margarine in dietary treatment of children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 36 (8): 1807-1812, 1995

21. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Gylling H, Erkkila AT, Uusitupa MI: Comparison of the effects of plant sterol ester and plant stanol ester-enriched margarines in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolaemic subjects on a low-fat diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 54 (9): 715-725, 2000

22. Hallikainen MA, Sarkkinen ES, Uusitupa MI: Effects of low-fat stanol ester enriched margarines on concentrations of serum carotenoids in subjects with elevated serum cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Clin Nutr 53 (12): 966-969, 1999

23. Hallikainen MA, Uusitupa MI: Effects of 2 low-fat stanol ester-containing margarines on serum cholesterol concentrations as part of a low-fat diet in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (3): 403-410, 1999

24. Heinemann T, Axtmann G, von Bergmann K: Comparison of intestinal absorption of cholesterol with different plant sterols in man. Eur J Clin Invest 23 (12): 827-831, 1993

25. Heinemann T, Kullak-Ublick GA, Pietruck B, von Bergmann K: Mechanisms of action of plant sterols on inhibition of cholesterol absorption. Comparison of sitosterol and sitostanol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 40 (Suppl 1): S59-63, 1991

26. Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW: Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53 (4): 319-327, 1999

27. Hepburn PA, Horner SA, Smith M: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 2. Subchronic 90-day oral toxicity study on phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (5): 521-532, 1999

28. Howard BV, Kritchevsky D: Phytochemicals and cardiovascular disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 95 (11): 2591-2593, 1997

29. Ikeda I, Kawasaki A, Samezima K, Sugano M: Antihypercholesterolemic activity of beta-sitostanol in rabbits. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2 7(3): 243-251, 1981

30. Ikeda I, Sugano M: Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by plant sterols for mass intervention. Curr Opin Lipidol 9 (6): 527-531, 1998

31. Ikeda I, Tanabe Y, Sugano M: Effects of sitosterol and sitostanol on micellar solubility of cholesterol. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 35 (4): 361-369, 1989

32. Jones PJ, Howell T, MacDougall DE, Feng JY, Parsons W: Short-term administration of tall oil phytosterols improves plasma lipid profiles in subjects with different cholesterol levels. Metabolism 47 (6): 751-756, 1998

33. Jones PJ, MacDougall DE, Ntanios F, Vanstone CA: Dietary phytosterols as cholesterol-lowering agents in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 75 (3): 217-227, 1997

34. Konlande JE, Fisher H: Evidence for a nonabsorptive antihypercholesterolemic action of phytosterols in the chicken. J Nutr 98 (4): 435-442, 1969

35. Kwiterovich PO Jr, Bachorik PS, Smith HH, McKusick VA, Connor WE, Teng B, Sniderman AD: Hyperapobetalipoproteinaemia in two families with xanthomas and phytosterolaemia. Lancet 1 (8218): 466-469, 1981

36. Law M: Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 320: 861-864, 2000 (a)

37. Law MR: Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. West J Med 173 (1): 43-47, 2000 (b)

38. Law MR, Wald NJ, Thompson SG: By how much and how quickly does reduction in serum cholesterol concentration lower risk of ischaemic heart disease? BMJ 308 (6925): 367-372, 1994

39. Lee MH, Gordon D, Ott J, Lu K, Ose L, Miettinen T, Gylling H, Stalenhoef AF, Pandya A, Hidaka H, Brewer B Jr, Kojima H, Sakuma N, Pegoraro R, Salen G, Patel SB: Fine mapping of a gene responsible for regulating dietary cholesterol absorption; founder effects underlie cases of phytosterolaemia in multiple communities. Eur J Hum Genet 9 (5): 375-384, 2001

40. Lichtenstein AH, Deckelbaum RJ: AHA Science Advisory. Stanol/sterol ester-containing foods and blood cholesterol levels. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 103 (8): 1177-1179, 2001

41. Ling WH, Jones PJ: Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life Sci 57 (3): 195-206, 1995

42. Lutjohann D, Bjorkhem I, Ose L: Phytosterolaemia in a Norwegian family: diagnosis and characterization of the first Scandinavian case. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56 (3): 229-240, 1996

43. Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K: Phytosterolaemia: diagnosis, characterization and therapeutical approaches. Ann Med 29 (3): 181-184, 1997

44. Malini T, Vanithakumari G: Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol 35 (2): 149-153, 1991

45. Malini T, Vanithakumari G: Effect of beta-sitosterol on uterine biochemistry: a comparative study with estradiol and progesterone. Biochem Mol Biol Int 31 (4): 659-668, 1993

46. Mattson FH, Grundy SM, Crouse JR: Optimizing the effect of plant sterols on cholesterol absorption in man. Am J Clin Nutr 35 (4): 697-700, 1982

47. Mellanen P, Petanen T, Lehtimaki J, Makela S, Bylund G, Holmbom B, Mannila E, Oikari A, Santti R: Wood-derived estrogens: studies in vitro with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 136 (2): 381-388, 1996

48. Miettinen TA, Gylling H: Regulation of cholesterol metabolism by dietary plant sterols. Curr Opin Lipidol 10 (1): 9-14, 1999

49. Miettinen TA, Puska P, Gylling H, Vanhanen H, Vartiainen E: Reduction of serum cholesterol with sitostanol-ester margarine in a mildly hypercholesterolemic population. N Engl J Med 333 (20): 1308-1312, 1995

50. Miettinen TA, Vanhanen H: Dietary sitostanol related to absorption, synthesis and serum level of cholesterol in different apolipoprotein E phenotypes. Atherosclerosis 105 (2): 217-226, 1994

51. Miettinen TA: Phytosterolaemia, xanthomatosis and premature atherosclerotic arterial disease: a case with high plant sterol absorption, impaired sterol elimination and low cholesterol synthesis. Eur J Clin Invest 10 (1): 27-35, 1980

52. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Godin DV, Rodrigues B, Frohlich JJ: Proatherogenic and antiatherogenic effects of probucol and phytosterols in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: possible mechanisms of action. Circulation 99 (13): 1733-1739, 1999

53. Moghadasian MH, McManus BM, Pritchard PH, Frohlich JJ: "Tall oil"-derived phytosterols reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1): 119-126, 1997

54. Muldoon MF, Manuck SB, Mendelsohn AB, Kaplan JR, Belle SH: Cholesterol reduction and non-illness mortality: meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ 322 (7277):11-15, 2001

55. Nguyen TT: The cholesterol-lowering action of plant stanol esters. J Nutr 129 (12): 2109-2112, 1999

56. Perez-Jimenez F, Espino A, Lopez-Segura F, Blanco J, Ruiz-Gutierrez V, Prada JL, Lopez-Miranda J, Jimenez-Pereperez J, Ordovas JM: Lipoprotein concentrations in normolipidemic males consuming oleic acid-rich diets from two different sources: olive oil and oleic acid-rich sunflower oil. Am J Clin Nutr 62 (4): 769-775, 1995

57. Plat J, Kerckhoffs DA, Mensink RP: Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols. Curr Opin Lipidol 11 (6): 571-576, 2000

58. Plat J, Mensink RP: Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 148 (1): 101-112, 2000

59. Pollack OJ: Reduction of blood cholesterol in man. Circulation 2: 702-706, 1953

60. Pollack OJ: Successful prevention of experimental hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbit. Circulation 2: 696-701, 1953

61. Ragotzky K: Rohstoffe. Fette und Fettbegleitstoffe. Pflanzensterole. In: Erbersdobler HF, Meyer AH (Hrsg): Praxishandbuch Functional Food. Hamburg, Behr’s Verlag Grundwerk 12/1999

62. Ramjiganesh T, Roy S, McIntyre JC, Luz Fernandez M: The hypocholesterolaemic effects of sitostanol in the guinea pig are in part related to changes in hepatic lipids and lipoprotein composition. Br J Nutr 85 (2): 165-172, 2001

63. Register B, Bethel MA, Thompson N, Walmer D, Blohm P, Ayyash L, Hughes C Jr: The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, coumestrol, and beta-sitosterol on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated adult rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 (1): 72-77, 1995

64. Rossouw JE: The effects of lowering serum cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk. Med Clin North Am 78 (1): 181-195, 1994

65. Rowland I: Optimal nutrition: fibre and phytochemicals. Proc Nutr Soc 58 (2): 415-419, 1999

66. Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D, Hepburn PA: The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38 (6): 485-491, 2000

67. Schröder K: Pflanzliche Sterine zur Cholesterinsenkung: wirksam und sicher. Ein neuartiges Functional Food. Ernährung/Nutrition 23 (1): 27-28, 1999

68. Shefer S, Salen G, Bullock J, Nguyen LB, Ness GC, Vhao Z, Belamarich PF, Chowdhary I, Lerner S, Batta AK, et al: The effect of increased hepatic sitosterol on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat and sitosterolemic homozygotes. Hepatology 20 (1 Pt 1): 213-219, 1994

69. Shefer S, Salen G, Nguyen L, Batta AK, Packin V, Tint GS, Hauser S: Competitive inhibition of bile acid synthesis by endogenous cholestanol and sitosterol in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. Effect on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Clin Invest 82 (6): 1833-1839, 1988

70. Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN: Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 249 (2): 163-166, 2001

71. Sugano M, Ikeda I, Imaizumi K, Watanabe M, Andoh M: Effects of beta-sitosterol on the concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol and serum apolipoproteins in rats fed butter fat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 28 (2): 117-126, 1982

72. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, Rask-Nissila L, Viikari J, Tuominen J, Pulkki K, Simell O: Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. J Pediatr 136 (4): 503-510, 2000

73. Togo M, Toda T, Nguyen LA, Kubota S, Tsukamoto K, Satoh H, Hara M, Iso-o N, Noto H, Kimura S, Nakahara K, Seyama Y, Hashimoto Y: Genetic analysis of phytosterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 24 (1): 43-50, 2001

74. Unilever research laboratorium (URL): Plant sterols at heart – novelty from nature. Diet and Healt News 2: 1-12, 1998

75. Vanhanen H: Cholesterol malabsorption caused by sitostanol ester feeding and neomycin in pravastatin-treated hypercholesterolaemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47 (2): 169-176, 1994

76. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvonen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, Miettinen TA: Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res 34 (9): 1535-1544, 1993

77. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA: Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 87 (1): 61-67, 1994

78. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, Wolterbeek AP, Wijnands MV, Richold M, Hepburn PA: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters - a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (7): 683-696, 1999

79. Weihrauch JL, Gardner JM: Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J Am Diet Assoc 73 (1): 39-47, 1978

80. Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, Drewitt PN: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4: Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37: 1063-1071, 1999

81. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW: Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (5): 334-343, 1998

82. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program´s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (4): 632-646, 1999 EU 07/02

(EU 07/2002, S. 266 ff.) Hahn, A., Ströhle, A., Schmitt, B., Watkinson B.M.: Wirkstoffe funktioneller Lebensmittel in der Prävention der Arteriosklerose, Teil 3

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57. Plat J, Kerckhoffs DA, Mensink RP: Therapeutic potential of plant sterols and stanols. Curr Opin Lipidol 11 (6): 571-576, 2000

58. Plat J, Mensink RP: Vegetable oil based versus wood based stanol ester mixtures: effects on serum lipids and hemostatic factors in non-hypercholesterolemic subjects. Atherosclerosis 148 (1): 101-112, 2000

59. Pollack OJ: Reduction of blood cholesterol in man. Circulation 2: 702-706, 1953

60. Pollack OJ: Successful prevention of experimental hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol atherosclerosis in rabbit. Circulation 2: 696-701, 1953

61. Ragotzky K: Rohstoffe. Fette und Fettbegleitstoffe. Pflanzensterole. In: Erbersdobler HF, Meyer AH (Hrsg): Praxishandbuch Functional Food. Hamburg, Behr’s Verlag Grundwerk 12/1999

62. Ramjiganesh T, Roy S, McIntyre JC, Luz Fernandez M: The hypocholesterolaemic effects of sitostanol in the guinea pig are in part related to changes in hepatic lipids and lipoprotein composition. Br J Nutr 85 (2): 165-172, 2001

63. Register B, Bethel MA, Thompson N, Walmer D, Blohm P, Ayyash L, Hughes C Jr: The effect of neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol, coumestrol, and beta-sitosterol on pituitary responsiveness and sexually dimorphic nucleus volume in the castrated adult rat. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 208 (1): 72-77, 1995

64. Rossouw JE: The effects of lowering serum cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk. Med Clin North Am 78 (1): 181-195, 1994

65. Rowland I: Optimal nutrition: fibre and phytochemicals. Proc Nutr Soc 58 (2): 415-419, 1999

66. Sanders DJ, Minter HJ, Howes D, Hepburn PA: The safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 6. The comparative absorption and tissue distribution of phytosterols in the rat. Food Chem Toxicol 38 (6): 485-491, 2000

67. Schröder K: Pflanzliche Sterine zur Cholesterinsenkung: wirksam und sicher. Ein neuartiges Functional Food. Ernährung/Nutrition 23 (1): 27-28, 1999

68. Shefer S, Salen G, Bullock J, Nguyen LB, Ness GC, Vhao Z, Belamarich PF, Chowdhary I, Lerner S, Batta AK, et al: The effect of increased hepatic sitosterol on the regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in the rat and sitosterolemic homozygotes. Hepatology 20 (1 Pt 1): 213-219, 1994

69. Shefer S, Salen G, Nguyen L, Batta AK, Packin V, Tint GS, Hauser S: Competitive inhibition of bile acid synthesis by endogenous cholestanol and sitosterol in sitosterolemia with xanthomatosis. Effect on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Clin Invest 82 (6): 1833-1839, 1988

70. Stalenhoef AF, Hectors M, Demacker PN: Effect of plant sterol-enriched margarine on plasma lipids and sterols in subjects heterozygous for phytosterolaemia. J Intern Med 249 (2): 163-166, 2001

71. Sugano M, Ikeda I, Imaizumi K, Watanabe M, Andoh M: Effects of beta-sitosterol on the concentrations of serum and liver cholesterol and serum apolipoproteins in rats fed butter fat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 28 (2): 117-126, 1982

72. Tammi A, Ronnemaa T, Gylling H, Rask-Nissila L, Viikari J, Tuominen J, Pulkki K, Simell O: Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project. J Pediatr 136 (4): 503-510, 2000

73. Togo M, Toda T, Nguyen LA, Kubota S, Tsukamoto K, Satoh H, Hara M, Iso-o N, Noto H, Kimura S, Nakahara K, Seyama Y, Hashimoto Y: Genetic analysis of phytosterolaemia. J Inherit Metab Dis 24 (1): 43-50, 2001

74. Unilever research laboratorium (URL): Plant sterols at heart – novelty from nature. Diet and Healt News 2: 1-12, 1998

75. Vanhanen H: Cholesterol malabsorption caused by sitostanol ester feeding and neomycin in pravastatin-treated hypercholesterolaemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47 (2): 169-176, 1994

76. Vanhanen HT, Blomqvist S, Ehnholm C, Hyvonen M, Jauhiainen M, Torstila I, Miettinen TA: Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment. J Lipid Res 34 (9): 1535-1544, 1993

77. Vanhanen HT, Kajander J, Lehtovirta H, Miettinen TA: Serum levels, absorption efficiency, faecal elimination and synthesis of cholesterol during increasing doses of dietary sitostanol esters in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Clin Sci (Lond) 87 (1): 61-67, 1994

78. Waalkens-Berendsen DH, Wolterbeek AP, Wijnands MV, Richold M, Hepburn PA: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 3. Two-generation reproduction study in rats with phytosterol esters – a novel functional food. Food Chem Toxicol 37 (7): 683-696, 1999

79. Weihrauch JL, Gardner JM: Sterol content of foods of plant origin. J Am Diet Assoc 73 (1): 39-47, 1978

80. Weststrate JA, Ayesh R, Bauer-Plank C, Drewitt PN: Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 4: Faecal concentrations of bile acids and neutral sterols in healthy normolipidaemic volunteers consuming a controlled diet either with or without a phytosterol ester-enriched margarine. Food Chem Toxicol 37: 1063-1071, 1999

81. Weststrate JA, Meijer GW: Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 52 (5): 334-343, 1998

82. Yu-Poth S, Zhao G, Etherton T, Naglak M, Jonnalagadda S, Kris-Etherton PM: Effects of the National Cholesterol Education Program´s Step I and Step II dietary intervention programs on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 69 (4): 632-646, 1999 EU 07/02

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